The hidden genome of apricot: unraveling its cold tolerance

Genome of apricot: Apricots, beloved for their sweet fruit and vibrant blooms, are typically found in colder northern regions of China. However, the genetic mechanisms that enable apricots to survive in such climates have remained a mystery. The discovery of Prunus zhengheensis, a rare apricot species from the warmer southern regions of China, has added complexity to this puzzle. Despite thriving in a much milder climate, this species is closely related to apricots, raising intriguing questions about how apricots genetically adapted to survive in much colder environments. A comprehensive genetic study of apricots and their relatives is, therefore, crucial to unraveling these mysteries.

A team of scientists from Nanjing Agricultural University published their in Horticulture Research on April 8, 2024, detailing the genetic basis of apricot cold tolerance. The study presents a high-quality, haplotype-resolved genome of Prunus zhengheensis, providing new insights into the genetic variations that enable the plant to survive in low temperatures.

The researchers conducted an in-depth genetic analysis of Prunus zhengheensis, focusing on its adaptation to colder climates. By constructing a 242.22-Mb pan-genome for the Armeniaca section, they uncovered a significant 566-bp insertion in the promoter region of the HSFA1d gene in apricots. This genetic modification enhances the gene’s activity under low temperatures, boosting plant growth and survival in frigid conditions. The study also identified how structural variations, such as this insertion, contribute to cold tolerance, highlighting the higher expression of HSFA1d in apricots compared to related species like P. zhengheensis and P. mume. These findings emphasize the value of pan-genome analysis in revealing hidden genetic diversity and opening new avenues for breeding resilient fruit tree varieties.

Dr. Zhihong Gao, lead researcher from Nanjing Agricultural University, underscored the significance of the study: "Understanding the genetic foundation of cold tolerance in apricots is vital for developing new varieties that can thrive in the face of changing climates. Our research not only illuminates the evolutionary history of apricots but also opens doors for advancing genetic breeding to enhance agricultural resilience."

The implications of this research extend far beyond apricots. With climate change increasingly threatening fruit production, identifying the genetic factors that contribute to cold tolerance will help in the development of more resilient apricot varieties. The study also demonstrates the potential of pan-genome analysis in discovering genetic diversity that could improve crop adaptability. Looking ahead, this research could be applied to other fruit tree species and further explore genetic adaptations to environmental stress, offering hope for sustainable agriculture in a warming world.